In summary, this carefully conducted study spanning adolescence shows no effects of GCE on inhibitory control, working memory or receptive language. While cocaine exposure was not related to Incidental Memory in baseline models, addition of environmental covariates to these models revealed that on the Incidental Word Memory task scores for the GCE group increased at a slower rate than for controls and on the Incidental Face Memory task control participants scored higher than GCE participants. Our results provide additional evidence that environmental variables such as those assessed in the HOME Inventory influence cognitive outcomes. As shown here and elsewhere the cognitive performance of our cohort is below average, suggesting that overall effects of poverty are placing GCE and Control children at a clinically significant disadvantage compared to other children their age. An important priority for those who care for GCE children and all children born into high risk environments is to address the problems that contribute to their disadvantage, including not only maternal drug use but also limited access to resources needed to provide cognitively and emotionally stimulating experiences early in life.